Neglecting the Complexities Essay Example for Free

Disregarding the Complexities Essay An unnatural weather change is the warming up of the earth’s surface which causes such an expansion in the normal temperature that summarizes to the adjustment in the earth’s atmosphere. This can be credited to the man-made ozone harming substance fixations as in the nursery impact. The Earths atmosphere changes in light of outer compelling, remembering varieties for its circle around the Sun (orbital constraining), changes in sun oriented glow, volcanic ejections, and barometrical ozone harming substance fixations. The point by point reasons for the ongoing warming stay a functioning field of examination, yet the logical agreement is that the expansion in barometrical ozone depleting substances because of human movement caused the greater part of the warming saw since the beginning of the modern time. This attribution is most clear for the latest 50 years, for which the most definite information are accessible. Some different theories withdrawing from the accord see have been recommended to clarify the vast majority of the temperature increment. One such speculation recommends that warming might be the aftereffect of varieties in sun based action. We can simply envision the amount of this warmth would originate from the ecological contamination as the harmful squanders discharged by manufacturing plant smokestacks, creation of plastics, synthetic substances from hairsprays and so forth. These advancements that are both negative to human wellbeing and condition, particularly in times where we have bared green fields and absence of the keeping up and supporting of the ranger service. The current occasions would show a lot of apathy from the human populace who as figured out how to grasp the transient stylish magnificence and solace that this innovation offers to the business. This lack of care should then be tended to quickly particularly at these occasions when the grave impacts and annihilations of the an unnatural weather change are so up and coming in the human wellbeing as well as most particularly with the waning of common assets. Notwithstanding the striking endeavors of certain gatherings and associations, one can't help the detached endeavor of such a genuine issue by the higher level of the human populace. One ought to understand the terrible impacts that could follow with further carelessness to such a disturbing condition of nature. The foreseen move of atmosphere due to a dangerous atmospheric devation has the greatest chance of having irreversible impacts at both the mainland and worldwide scales which end up being really decimating. In spite of the fact that the genuine appearance of such anticipated impacts stay disputable, the predicted results incorporate the blocked sea dissemination which is answerable for the transportation of the warm water toward the North Atlantic, The clearing out of Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheets, strengthening of dry seasons, the out of control fires out of heatwaves, cutting off tempests, the accelerating of an unnatural weather change achieved by the carbon cycle criticisms in the earthly biosphere, and the fumes of the earthbound carbon from permafrost locales and methane from hydrates in beach front residue. The United States National Academy of Sciences has cautioned, Greenhouse warming and other human adjustments of the earth framework may build the chance of enormous, unexpected, and unwanted territorial or worldwide climatic occasions. . . . Future unexpected changes can't be anticipated with certainty, and atmosphere shocks are not out of the ordinary. It was expressed that the vast majority of the outcomes of an unnatural weather change would result from one of three physical changes: ocean level ascent, higher neighborhood temperatures, and changes in precipitation designs. Ocean level is commonly expected to rise 18 to 59 cm (7. 1 to 23. 2 inches) before the century's over. The extraordinary climate brought about by an unnatural weather change could prompt impacts as that of Extratropical storms which is halfway reliant on the temperature angle that is anticipated to debilitate in the northern side of the equator as the polar district warms more than the remainder of the side of the equator. Due to the warm atmosphere there would be an expansion in the vanishing which will at that point cause heavier precipitation as our reality is a shut framework, which further prompts disintegration. This is hindering to tropical regions which may prompt desertification because of deforestation. It was then anticipated to have a normal of 2. 8% disastrous tempests in each 1% expansion in yearly precipitation. Goals Because of this mindfulness on the anticipated negative impacts of an unnatural weather change it has carried a lot of worry to the human populace which carried certain political promotions into the suggestion of approaches to kill and reduce the status of our biological system as incredibly influenced by the a worldwide temperature alteration. They are currently advancing broad methods and route into supporting the social attention to such shocking impacts to our reality. The impacts and results of present acts my not be overly obvious or straight presented to the natural eye, yet the anticipated picture of how awful things can end up being is currently appeared through investigations, for example, that of one as answered to UN by Stephen Mwakifwamba, national organizer of the Center for Energy, Environment, Science and Technology as to the Tanzanian government’s environmental change. Before, we had a dry season about like clockwork, he says. Presently we just dont know when they will come. They are progressively visit, however at that point so are floods. The atmosphere is far less unsurprising. We may have floods in May or dry seasons at regular intervals. Upland territories, which were never influenced by mosquitoes, presently are. Water levels are diminishing each day. The downpours come at an inappropriate time for ranchers and it is prompting numerous issues. Greg Holland, chief of the Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, said on April 24, 2006, The typhoons we are seeing are surely an immediate aftereffect of environmental change, and that the breeze and hotter water conditions that fuel storms when they structure in the Caribbean are, progressively because of ozone depleting substances. There is by all accounts no other decision you can legitimately make. Holland stated, The huge majority of established researchers state what we are seeing currently is connected straightforwardly to ozone depleting substances. The Association of British Insurers has expressed that restricting carbon emanations would keep away from 80% of the anticipated extra yearly expense of tropical violent winds by the 2080s. The expense is additionally expanding mostly in view of working in uncovered zones, for example, coasts and floodplains. The ABI claims that decrease of the helplessness to some unavoidable impacts of environmental change, for instance through stronger structures and improved flood resistances, could likewise bring about impressive cost-reserve funds in the long haul. Most national governments have marked and endorsed the Kyoto Protocol planned for diminishing ozone depleting substance emanations, however there is continuous political and open discussion overall with respect to what, assuming any, move ought to be made to lessen or turn around future warming or to adjust to its normal outcomes. These alerts and plans must be completely acknowledged once every single individual investigate this disturbing earth condition; at that point expressly stepping up and include them selves and act in approaches to the advancement of diminishing all these destructive wellsprings of worldwide warmth. We can take a beginning from the utilization of earth-accommodating materials, for example, the reusing strategy or even the utilization of sound vehicular fills. There are various approaches to utilize the accessible other options or presumably to investigate new and better methods of providing food materials for human administrations left to be seen. References Association of British Insurers. (2005). Budgetary dangers of environmental change. Brian S. what's more, Gabriel V. (2007). IPCC Projections and Hurricanes. Geophysical Fluids Dynamic Global Warming web journal. An unnatural weather change behind record 2005 tempests: specialists. Recovered on Decmeber 12, 2006, from Reuters. Hoyos, Carlos D. ; Paula A. Agudelo, Peter J.Webster, Judith A. Curry (2006). Deconvolution of the Factors Contributing to the Increase in Global Hurricane Intensity. Science Express. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007, February 05). Environmental Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Commitment of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Recovered February 02, 2007, from http://www. ipcc. ch/Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Recovered December 12, 2007. Houghton, J. T. ,Y. Ding, D. J.

Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Essay Example

Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Essay Example Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Paper Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Paper Conceptual Asthma is the most widely recognized interminable illnesses on the planet. Monetary and racial/minority differences in the pervasiveness and outrageous of asthma are examined well, with individuals having a place with low financial status and racial/minority are increasingly inclined to have this interminable ailment. It has been seen that significantly subsequent to attempting to control this sickness, minorities and individuals from low financial status are bound to be hospitalized at this point still not treated completely. There is consistent repeating of similar patients coming in for treatment of asthma. This propensity is especially seen in the urban regions, where racial and ethnic minority who are regularly monetarily impeded individuals are presented to asthma-related factors, for example, poor lodging conditions, ecological tobacco smoke, swarming, air contamination, and different allergens. Extra examination into these pathways is basic for the plan of intercessions to de crease the salary and racial/ethnic errors in the predominance and impact of asthma as a main source of youth grimness. This paper talks about the pervasiveness, bleakness, mortality, factors adding to a higher commonness of asthma in racial and ethnic minorities. At long last the differences in the asthma treatment in minorities is talked about. Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Presentation Despite the fact that asthma can't be restored, viable medications have been accessible for a long time. Practice attendants can assist with guaranteeing these medications are utilized adequately Asthma is characterized as a ceaseless incendiary infection of the aviation routes that presents as diffuse aviation routes deterrent and is reversible either suddenly or with treatment. Predominance, Morbidity, Mortality of Asthma In Racial And Ethnic Minorities Asthma is the most well-known interminable malady particularly in kids, and along these lines winning in around 4.8 million youngsters in the United States. Asthma is one of the significant explanations behind hospitalization. Various examines have discovered that there is similarly more prominent commonness of asthma in individuals who have a place with urban, racial and ethnic minorities, and low-financial foundations. Commonness paces of asthma having a place with these foundations are seen as 10 percent to 20 percent while the predominance for US kids is 6 percent. These results show that there is expanded distinction in the commonness of asthma by racial/ethnic gathering: in Hispanics, Puerto Ricans have the most noteworthy asthma pervasiveness rate (19.6%), which is multiple times the predominance for Mexicans (6.1%). Other racial/ethnic minorities incorporate non-Hispanic Blacks whose pervasiveness of asthma is (13.8%) and non-Hispanic Whites (11.1%). (Homa, Mannino, Lara, 200 0) In the US in 2000, asthma’s bleakness was 474,000 asthma hospitalizations and 11.9 million clinical visits for the sickness. Among the different U.S. Hispanic populace, Puerto Ricans have the best yearly asthma mortality (40.9 per million) trailed by Cuban Americans (15.8 per million) and Mexican Americans (9.2 per million). In examination, non-Hispanic whites had a yearly asthma mortality of 14.7 per million, and non-Hispanic blacks had a pace of 38.1 per million. (Carr, Zeitel, Weiss, 2002) In the US today, examples of youth asthma predominance differ enormously as indicated by financial status and racial/ethnic foundation. The most elevated pervasiveness and dismalness have happened among Black youngsters, especially offspring of low financial status dwelling in huge urban regions. It is contended that these racial/ethnic and monetary asthma designs are to a great extent represented by social and natural attributes). Not regularly tended to are contrasts in asthma commonness inside low-salary, urban, minority racial/ethnic gatherings. (Gent, Holford, Leaderer 1996) specifically, epidemiological investigations of youth asthma commonness have discovered noteworthy contrasts among Hispanic subgroups, with Puerto Ricans having the most elevated rates and Mexican Americans the least rates. In the United States, asthma commonness, hospitalization, and mortality are higher for Black/African American  (racial/ethnic minority) contrasted with White Caucasian (greater part) kids and grown-ups. In a Southfield, Michigan, cross-sectional investigation of youth asthma in a coordinated white collar class populace, the lifetime commonness of asthma was twice as high for racial/ethnic minority contrasted and kids from larger parts; this finding proposes that even in working class networks unmeasured financial elements (e.g., racial segregation, differential access to clinical consideration, differential access to lodging, differential examples of clinical consideration use), and maybe biologic variables, may add to these differences. (Chen, Fisher, Bacharier, Strunk, 2003) The dissimilarity in asthma dreariness is more noteworthy than the divergence in asthma predominance, which recommends that once asthma is set up, numerous variables merge to aggravate asthma for youngsters a nd grown-ups who are from racial/ethnic minority. Elements Contributing To A Higher Prevalence Of Asthma In Minorities Natural Factors In the wake of considering exposures including tobacco smoke, weight list, cooling use, city of living arrangement, parental respiratory disease, parental instruction, lone kid status, and single-parent family. More youthful maternal age, living arrangement in the focal city, family pay, low birth weight, and proportions of overweight or heftiness in part, yet not completely, clarify the expanded predominance of asthma among racial/ethnic minority contrasted and larger part youngsters. (Chen, Fisher, Bacharier, Strunk, 2003) Children from the racial/ethnic minority don't appear to have higher paces of asthma, however living in a urban setting, paying little heed to race or pay, expanded the danger of asthma. Lodging Conditions and Indoor Environmental Exposures Including Allergens  The level of lodging deterioration has been related with expanded cockroach allergen levels, which has been shown to build youth asthma horribleness in sharpened kids. (Homa, Mannino, Lara, 2000) Certain allergens, for example, cockroach, mouse, or rodent, might be progressively intense wellsprings of unfavorably susceptible or non-hypersensitive aviation route irritation, or ecological cofactors, for example, network pressure may expand defenselessness with the impacts of these exposures in sharpened people and since for the most part individuals having such day to day environments are probably going to have a place with urban regions and furthermore minorities (as clarified prior). Maternal Cigarette Smoking The respiratory wellbeing impacts of smoking have been very much archived. Maternal cigarette smoking is related with high danger of asthma predominance in youth, and with high danger of asthma dismalness, wheeze, and respiratory contamination in youngsters. Cigarette smoking shifts by ethnicity and by national inception, and cigarette organizations have focused on minorities trying to build smoking where rates have generally been low. Variations in Asthma and Somatic Growth (Low Birth Weight, Pre-development, and Obesity) Smoking and other ecological variables affecting both fetal development and asthma are progressively predominant in many (yet not all) socio-financially impeded populaces in the United States. Pre-development and low birth weight balanced for gestational age can be affected by maternal smoking, yet in addition by placental inadequacy, maternal fetal sustenance, disease, and maternal mental just as physical pressure. (Waser, 2002)The danger of all these natural impacts on unfriendly fetal development might be higher in numerous socio-monetarily impeded U.S. gatherings, expanding the danger of pre-development and low birth weight. Underweight and weight may both be hazard factors for wheeze or asthma, and incomprehensibly, they may even have comparable starting points in fetal life or youth. (Holgate, Price, 2005) The conditions of urban living and financial disservice, just as social variables, may add to corpulence. Stress There is a restored enthusiasm for the impact of mental weight on asthma. Different socio-segment qualities (e.g., lower social class, ethnic minority status, sex) may incline people to specific inescapable types of incessant life stress, which may, thusly, be essentially impacted by the attributes of the networks in which they live. (Busse, Kiecolt-Glaser, 1994) Minority bunch status may incline people to inescapable interminable stressors (e.g., segregation, prejudice) and cultural components that connect minorities. Inconsistencies In Asthma Control And Treatment Asthma is one of numerous interminable illnesses in the United States in which variations in treatment and access to mind have been archived. Indeed, even those with obviously equivalent access to a similar medicinal services framework may encounter variations in care, and correspondence with the clinical framework is undeniably more inconspicuous than articulations of plain prejudice. (Freidhoff, Togias 1996). Significant differences in children’s wellbeing and utilization of wellbeing administrations endure across racial, ethnic, and monetary gatherings in the United States. Variations in care for Hispanics and African Americans with asthma are very much recorded. Shockingly, numerous patients with asthma endure as a result of lacking consideration gave by social insurance experts. (Schaafsma, Raynorr 2003) Poor adherence by the patient to endorsed the board, absence of access to mind, or a mix of these issues are some the other key calculates that outcome expanded horriblen ess and mortality. Trouble in English language capability has been accounted for to significantly affect various parts of the medicinal services understanding of Hispanic kids, including access to mind, utilization of serv

College Essay Writing Samples

College Essay Writing SamplesWriting an essay for university admission can be a very daunting task. When applying to many colleges and universities, it is important to prepare yourself with writing samples from each college. The purpose of this article is to inform the reader that essay writing samples exist from many colleges and universities.Essay writing samples are very important for every college and university. To help you determine what school to apply to you should contact your high school counselor and ask them which essay writing samples they have. You should note that most high schools do not allow students to write their own essays. This is the reason why you should learn how to compose a great essay.You will need to know what types of essays you will be asked to write. Some schools prefer student essays that are based on logic and reasoning while others may be better suited for essays that are based on creativity and argument. This is why you should also learn how to pre pare essay writing samples before entering college.Once you know what type of essay you will be asked to write, you should begin to create your essay writing samples. First, you should find out what type of essay they want and write a sample essay that suits the theme. If you are required to write an essay for university admission then you will need to create a college essay for university admission essay samples.A college essay for university admission is one of the most important parts of the college application. Not only does this document show your ability to be well-organized and contain organized ideas, but it is also one of the best ways to impress the admissions committee. Make sure that you know all of the rules of college essays and all of the guidelines that pertain to writing these essays.The first thing that you should do when preparing for this type of essay is to determine what type of essay they want. Since the majority of colleges and universities require a college essay, it is important to know what type of essay is required. Most high schools require a college essay that is based on a research paper. However, if your high school does not require one you should always be prepared to write one.Since essays for college admission are usually based on research paper or research question, you will need to do some research in order to come up with a student essay. There are many books available online that have been written by professionals who specialize in essay writing. These are a great resource for both you and the admissions officer at the college or university you are applying to.There are many resources that you can use to prepare for your college essay, and these resources are available for free. The first step to taking your admissions test is to come up with a great essay. Researching for and creating a good college essay will help you pass the entrance exam that you will need to take.

The Miraculous 15-Minute ROUGH, ROUGH Draft

Having trouble getting those first few words and sentences of your application essay up on your computer screen? Don’t fret – even the most accomplished novelists or famous journalists have a tough time getting started. Tempted to get up and do something – anything! – rather than stare at that blank screen for another second? One piece of advice: DON’T. STAY WHERE YOU ARE. AND SET A TIMER FOR 15 MINUTES. AND MOST IMPORTANT†¦ WRITE, WRITE, AND WRITE SOME MORE UNTIL THAT TIMER GOES OFF. When you start to write a few words on the page – even words like â€Å"I don’t know what to say† – something miraculous happens. Suddenly, there are WORDS on the page, not just blank space. And these words will inspire you to continue writing. Here’s why: This is your warm-up Think of this 15–minute exercise as a warm-up. It’s not a marathon, but it’s a quick jog that will remind your body that it DOES INDEED know how to run. Maybe all you’ve done is written about how you have nothing to write, but the actual act of writing will trigger your writer’s reflex and motivate you to keep up the momentum and write something more and – hopefully – something of substance. Words beget words Your babbling string of â€Å"I’m writing but I really don’t have anything to say† will likely transform into, â€Å"well, maybe I have a thing or two worth mentioning.† You’ll see. Turn off your devices I guarantee that all of this advice will work with one big BUT: You must turn off your devices. 15 minutes of writing isn’t a real 15 minutes if halfway through you check Instagram and send a Snap. It just won’t work. So hard as it is to do†¦just turn off your phone and resist the temptation to open a new tab. Reward yourself You’re more likely to make it through your 15-minute writing workout if you know you’ve got a reward waiting for you. Whether it’s a social media break, a coffee with a friend, or an ice cream sundae – just knowing that it’s there and waiting will help motivate you to keep on going. Get ready, get set†¦go! It’s time to start! UNPLUG and set an alarm for 15 minutes. Then ask yourself: What do I care about? What do I enjoy doing? What’s important to me? And write. Your only commitment is to keep going until you hear that beep. When the timer goes off, STOP. Hit â€Å"Save.† And then go get yourself a double scoop of sweet, cold, decadent ice cream. Need help getting started? Talk to our experts – we’re here to answer your questions, motivate you, and help you get accepted! ; For 25 years, Accepted has helped applicants gain acceptance to top undergraduate and graduate programs. Our expert team of admissions consultants features former admissions directors, PhDs, and professional writers who have advised clients to acceptance at top programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Yale, Princeton, Penn, Columbia, Oxford, Cambridge, INSEAD, MIT, Caltech, UC Berkeley, and Northwestern. Want an admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ 5 Fatal Flaws to Avoid in Your Application, a free guide †¢ First Drafts of Personal Statements: Let Yourself Go †¢ Writing a Lead That Pops The Miraculous 15-Minute ROUGH, ROUGH Draft Having trouble getting those first few words and sentences of your application essay up on your computer screen? Don’t fret – even the most accomplished novelists or famous journalists have a tough time getting started. Tempted to get up and do something – anything! – rather than stare at that blank screen for another second? One piece of advice: DON’T. STAY WHERE YOU ARE. AND SET A TIMER FOR 15 MINUTES. AND MOST IMPORTANT†¦ WRITE, WRITE, AND WRITE SOME MORE UNTIL THAT TIMER GOES OFF. When you start to write a few words on the page – even words like â€Å"I don’t know what to say† – something miraculous happens. Suddenly, there are WORDS on the page, not just blank space. And these words will inspire you to continue writing. Here’s why: This is your warm-up Think of this 15–minute exercise as a warm-up. It’s not a marathon, but it’s a quick jog that will remind your body that it DOES INDEED know how to run. Maybe all you’ve done is written about how you have nothing to write, but the actual act of writing will trigger your writer’s reflex and motivate you to keep up the momentum and write something more and – hopefully – something of substance. Words beget words Your babbling string of â€Å"I’m writing but I really don’t have anything to say† will likely transform into, â€Å"well, maybe I have a thing or two worth mentioning.† You’ll see. Turn off your devices I guarantee that all of this advice will work with one big BUT: You must turn off your devices. 15 minutes of writing isn’t a real 15 minutes if halfway through you check Instagram and send a Snap. It just won’t work. So hard as it is to do†¦just turn off your phone and resist the temptation to open a new tab. Reward yourself You’re more likely to make it through your 15-minute writing workout if you know you’ve got a reward waiting for you. Whether it’s a social media break, a coffee with a friend, or an ice cream sundae – just knowing that it’s there and waiting will help motivate you to keep on going. Get ready, get set†¦go! It’s time to start! UNPLUG and set an alarm for 15 minutes. Then ask yourself: What do I care about? What do I enjoy doing? What’s important to me? And write. Your only commitment is to keep going until you hear that beep. When the timer goes off, STOP. Hit â€Å"Save.† And then go get yourself a double scoop of sweet, cold, decadent ice cream. Need help getting started? Talk to our experts – we’re here to answer your questions, motivate you, and help you get accepted! ; For 25 years, Accepted has helped applicants gain acceptance to top undergraduate and graduate programs. Our expert team of admissions consultants features former admissions directors, PhDs, and professional writers who have advised clients to acceptance at top programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Yale, Princeton, Penn, Columbia, Oxford, Cambridge, INSEAD, MIT, Caltech, UC Berkeley, and Northwestern. Want an admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ 5 Fatal Flaws to Avoid in Your Application, a free guide †¢ First Drafts of Personal Statements: Let Yourself Go †¢ Writing a Lead That Pops

The Four Foundation Health Measures That Serve As An...

1. According to the â€Å"About Healthy People† section, what are the four foundation health measures that will serve as an indicator of progress towards achieving the goals of HP? (4 points) The four foundation health measures that serve as an indicator of progress towards achieving these goals: †¢ General Health Status †¢ Health-Related Quality of Life and well-being †¢ Determinants of health †¢ Disparities 2. Look under the 2020 Topics and Objectives tab and click on Social Determinants of Health. List the five key areas of the social determinants of health (this is not the same as the Determinants of Health from question 1) and give one example of a critical component/key issue for each one. (10 points) The Five key areas (determinants) include: †¢ Economic Stability - Poverty †¢ Education - High school Graduation †¢ Social and Community Context - Social Cohesion †¢ Health and Health Care - Access to health care †¢ Neighborhood and Built Environment - Access to Healthy foods 3. There are certain at-risk populations that HP2020 addresses specifically. Review the information for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Health under the 2020 Topics and Objectives tab. Make sure to read about the need to collect information through survey research and the health disparities faced by this group. Now, list three efforts to address health disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals (3 points), and explain how they relate to the LGBT health disparities that areShow MoreRelatedHp Transformation Leadership21564 Words   |  87 PagesTRANSFORMATION Leadership at HP | Under supervision of DR. Ahmed Farouk | | This report will present transformation process of hp corp. 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Case Analysis Truck Driver And Trucking Company Essay

Fact Pattern#1 Anthony, Paul and Silvio are the Plaintiffs. A plaintiff is the person/party initiating the civil suit. Truck driver and trucking company are the Defendants. A defendant is the person/party whom the legal action of the suit is sought against. Case involves Negligence. Negligence is a tort. The definition of a tort is a private or civil wrong or injury, other than breach of contract, for which a court will provide a remedy in the form of an action for damages. All torts actions involve three elements of legal duty from the defendant to the plaintiff, breach of that duty and damage as a result. The plaintiffs must prove the five elements of negligence which are the following: 1. Duty of Care-legal duty required the defendant to conform to the standard of conduct established for the protection of others. 2. Breach of Duty-that the defendant failed to exercise reasonable care 3. 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The Transformation of Collective Security Essay Example

The Transformation of Collective Security Essay Security is primarily an issue of a nations relations with other states or a group of states. This relationship among states which feel threatened by each other is exposed to the security dilemma. 6 It is generally argued that the security of nations cannot be defined in general terms, nor can it be determined objectively. 7 Definitions depend on states perception about threats and safety. Therefore, on security no precise definition has ever been achieved and probably never will be. 8 There appears to be almost a studied vagueness about the precise definition of terms such as security. This complexity is also related to the problem of which areas of life are the subject of security. In this regard, theoretical debate occurs between two views of security approach to security, the traditionalists, it is argued that identifying security issues is easy as they equate security with military issues and the use of force. 10 Traditionalists also strongly oppose the widening of security stud ies, as by such logic, issues like pollution, disease, child abuse or economic 5 Till, pop. Cit. , in note 1, p. 96. We will write a custom essay sample on The Transformation of Collective Security specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Transformation of Collective Security specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Transformation of Collective Security specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The security dilemma refers to the notion that a states efforts to increase its security by threatening another state, which then responds with steps to increase its own security, paradoxically erodes the first states security. See C. A. Checkup, The Case for Collective Security, in Downs, G. W. (De), Collective Security beyond the Cold War, ( USA: University of Michigan Press, 1994), up. 41-69. 7 A. V. Sausage, The Security of Western Europe, (London: Sherwood Press, 1985), p. 2. 8 C. Then, Problems of Transition in J. Alfred et al, Europe in Western Alliance, (London: MacMillan Press, 1988), p. 7. 9 G. Edwards and B. Burrows, The Defense of Western Europe , (Norfolk: Butterscotch, 1982), p. 91. 10 B. Abuzz et al, Security , A New Framework for Analysis, , ( London: Lonely Runnier pub. 1998), p. 3. 6 3 recessions could be viewed as threats to security. Here we see that the traditionalist view regards only military and political subjects as the focus of studies in the security field. Yet, this approach has entered an impasse and led to increasing dissatisfaction in explaining the events taking place in the international arena later on. As pointed out by one of the proponents of the wider approach, this dissatisfaction was stimulated first by the rise of the economic and environmental agendas in international relations during the sass and the sass and later by the rise of concerns with identity issues and transnational crime during the sass. 11 Today it is obvious that this narrow definition does not fully cover the parameters of the new security environment in the aftermath of the end of the Cold War. With the end of the Cold War and the break-up of the Soviet Union, the political and intellectual climate has changed. Studies in this regard have articulated very different views about how to define the concept of security. The narrow definition of security tends to focus on material capabilities and the use of military force by states. This, however, contrasts with the distinctions among military, political, economic, social, and environmental security threats. 12 Thus, with this transforming understanding of what security means today, the advocates of the wider approach concentrate on discussing the dynamics of security in five sectors, that is, military, political, economic, environmental and societal. This methodological framework also seems to better serve distinguishing security issues as hard and soft. 14 Faced with such a unavoidable due to the different analytical perspectives on the issue. Yet, in view of the presence of security risks of different natures, it is, at least from the practical point of view, a fact that security at present should be regarded as not merely, or even mainly, a matter 11 Ibid. , p. 2. P. J. Austenite (De), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in Word Politics , (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), up. -9. 13 See the introduction in Suzan, pop. It. , up. 1-21. 14 Generally speaking, security issues requiring military options and relating to defense are considered hard ones whereas others that require non-military measures such as conflict prevention are regarded as soft. But this distinction today appears to be less relevant in view of events and experience in world affairs. See for details M. T. Clare and D. C. Thomas (De) , World Security, ( New York: SST. Martins Press, 1991). 12 of military policy, but of broader economic and political policies. For threats to security are not necessarily of a military nature, but they might derive from various there reasons. In view of the above, one can draw two main conclusions. Irrespective of which subjects are to be considered in dealing with the security concept, it seems evident that security is about preservation of the existence of states. And, in this preservation effort, the military component is always present even if as a last resort. Similarly, threat perception and the nature of such perceived threats are important in determining whether and how the perceived threat should be viewed as a matter of security. This brings us to the concept of collective security. Here, similar to the conceptual problem in defining security, a precise definition of collective security mains elusive. Not only do definitions differ,which is bound to happen in public debate and scholarly discourse, but also some directly contradict each other. 18 In simple terms, collective security is related to efforts by a group of states to act together in order to better preserve their own security. The term has been used to describe everything from loose alliance systems to any period of history in which wars do not take place. This wide Serialization, in the words of Suzan, means a process by which the issue in question is presented as an existential threat, requiring emergency measures and justifying actions outside the normal bonds of political procedure. See Suzan, pop. Cit. , up. 23-24. 16 Ibid. , p. 24. 17 J. C. Garnett, Introduction: Conflict and Security in the new world order, in M. J. Davis, (De), Security Issues in the Post-Cold War, (I-J: Edward Legal Pub. Ltd, 1996), p. 10. 18 G. W. Downs, Beyond the Debate on Collective Security, in Downs, G. W. De), Collective Security beyond the Cold War, ( USA: University of Michigan Press, 1994), up. 1-17. Spectrum is also due to the nature of security threats. States ally to increase their security against perceived threats. 19 In any particular balance of power system, there are usually groups of states that share to some extent an assessment of those threats. States face two kinds of threats in general. 20 The first is usually the reason for which stat es Join their forces in the first place, I. E. An external threat from a potential aggressor who is not part of the group. The second threat is of a more insidious but often Just as dangerous nature, namely, an internal threat from a member of the group itself that betrays its friends and uses force against them. The first form of collective security is best illustrated by the alliance system. An alliance functions as a collective body that defends its members from security threats directed from outside. Thus it includes the concept of collective defense as well. Moreover, although an alliance is focused on external threats, the security is collective for its members. On the other hand, the best illustration of security arrangements countering internal threats coming from members of a collective security body is the security community. 21 Collective security rests on the notion of one for all and all for one. Here, the question of why states come together for collective security can be argued is clear enough. It is because they share the same threat perceptions against which they think they will be better-off if they act together. Yet, the question of how they perceive the same threat is not that clear. This brings us to the issue of identity-building. Identification is considered a social concept. 22 The process of identity formation is of a kind that develops within a social unit. Any identification requires a distinction Just as any 19 See K. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, ( Reading: Addison Wesley, 1979) and also S. Walt, The Origins of Alliance , ( Ithaca: Cornel, 1987) 20 See for details S. Weber, Does NATO have a future 7, in Crawford, B. (De), The Future 21 This concept was first introduced by Van Wagner, and later in 1957 developed by Karl Deutsche with theoretical arguments . For the views of Dutch, see particularly E. Adler, Rupees New Security Order: A Pluralistic Security Community, and P. W. Schultz, Competing for European Security: The SEC, NATO and the European Community in a Changing International Environment, both in Crawford, B. (De), The Future of European Security, (Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, 1992). 22 A. N. Hurdles, Bravura Kim ¤inn LOL#lam eve Tark Gimlet in Atilt Realer (De) Trisky eve Bravura, (Ankara: image Active, 1997) p. 18. 6 distinction necessitates some identification 23 . This brings us to the self/other dichotomy. The self is identified in relation to its position visa- ¤-visa the other 24 . In other words, all identities exist only with their otherness. Without the other, the self actually cannot know either itself or the world because meaning is created in discourse where consciousness meets. 25 Identification is of an exclusionary nature for the non-identified. In other words, in the identification of a group of people as a community, this unit is externalities of or disassociated from the values, myths, symbols, attitudes and mores of those (non-identified) with whom the unit does not identify itself. 6 It is also argued that the existence or the perception of threats from the other inevitably strengthens the identity of the self. 27 The formation of the self is inextricably intertwined with the formation of its others and a failure to regard the others in their own right must necessarily have repercussions for the formation of the self. 28 Identity is the key element of a cognitive regi on. Shared self-definitions create internalized norms that allow people from different countries to know each other better and thus respond more effectively to the common concerns. What constitutes the basis for collective security arrangements is therefore the mutual responsiveness developed out of answers to the questions of who I am and who the other is. In other words, it is the collective identity, which lays the ground for a sound collective security. The importance of identities can thus be summarized as follows: common identities help to establish a security whose existence, I. E. Elective security, proves that members share common identities. A. N. Hurdles, International Relations and the Philosophy of History: a Civilization Approach, ( London: MacMillan, forthcoming), p. 105. 24 K. Krause, Critical Theory and Security Studies, Cooperation and Conflict, Volvo (33)3, 1998, p. 312.. 25 Hurdles, pop. Cit. , in note 22, p. 107. 27 Hurdles, , pop. Cit. , in note 21, p. 21 . 28 Neumann, pop. Cit. , p. 35. 7 In view of the foregoing, one can easily understand that collective identities and shared values as well as shared understandings as regards threat perceptions are of significant importance for the creation of a workable collective security arrangement. The identity issue entered into International Relations full fledged with the critical theories, such as constructivism. However, mainstream approaches 29 also acknowledge identity. But, how it differs from the constructivist approach is that it presumes to know priori what the self-being is defined as. The state as a unit is assumed to have a single identity, across time and space whereas constructivism assumes that the selves, or identities, of states are variable, they likely depend on historical, cultural, political and social context 30 . Accordingly, as regards the object of security, the constructivist approach questions how the object of security is constructed according to threat perceptions. Here, the argument that discourses of threat are constitutive of the object to be secured relates to the question of how such threats are identified. In view of the foregoing, one can see that constructivism helps better explain collective security formations that are constitutive of collective identities. Thus, sound collective security arrangements are forms of collective identity that exclude each other on the basis of their distinctiveness. Here, it can be argued that those security regimes could not establish a collective identity against a common threat. In other words, the selves in hose organizations did not come together against a common other. In the Cold War era, the other was the East for the West and vice versa, although members of both Blocs remained in the same global security regime, the I-JNI. Therefore, their stay in the UN was not due to the creation of a common identity but due to a felt need. IMPACT OF THE POST-COLD WAR The post-Cold War has had a considerable impact on this state of affairs. The end of the Cold War, which for almost half a century had been the symbol of division in Europe, was marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall on October 3rd 1989. The fall of the Berlin wall meant also the collapse of the ideological walls which had divided Europe for so many years. The end of the Cold War even raised questions regarding the necessity of NATO as military alliances normally dissolve once their common enemy has been defeated. However, , 31 See for details, particularly A. Bennett, and J. Leopold, Reinventing Collective Security After the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 18, Issue 2, 1993. 32 Ibid. With the rise of non-conventional and asymmetric security threats this was proven not to be the case 33 . What is new in this sense is the effect of globalization on these threats. Today, in a world where things have increasingly become more transnational and interdependent, owing to the effects of globalization, any incident in a country or in region, be it a terrorist act or an ethnic conflict, poses threats to other areas due to the domino effect. As a corollary to this, threats that transcend borders happen to affect security more rapidly, more severely in an ever-expanding magnitude with spill-over effects. These threats inevitably necessitate collective responses as they affect almost all states in one way or another. In such an environment, Europe in particular and the world in general have dinettes several hot conflicts and wars in Just one decade in the post-Cold War era, which amounts to more than occurred in the whole course of the Cold War years. The European continent, which had been free from wars since the end of World War II, once again became a continent of conflict and death with a wars that erupted in its very midst, like in the territories of the former Yugoslavia or in its vicinity, or like the Caucasus or elsewhere like in the Middle East, I. E. The Gulf war. In view of this, one can argue that the basic premises of mainstream scholarship, such as anarchical setting, power politics based on national interests, etc. , are still present in the world affairs. True, mainstream scholarship failed to anticipate the end of the Cold War. But, the world order, which has replaced the Cold War era, still proves the validity of mainstream scholarship. States act in pursuit of preservation of their interests and of protection of their 33 Asymmetric threat is defined as a threat that can cause harm in bigger magnitude than its size. Such threats vary from international terrorism, ethnic conflicts and religious fundamentalism through organized crime, drug trafficking, and proliferation f weapons of mass destruction to mass migrations, environmental disasters, poverty etc. See Irked, S. , 11 Elll 2001: Terrorizing Yen Milady, Strategic Animal, Sally 18, Skim 2001. Asymmetric threat is also defined as a threat that does not follow the rules of fair warfare including surprise attacks, as well as warfare with weapons used in an unconventional manner. See www. Rand. Org/news links/terrorism. .NET. 10 security in the face of both conventional and non-conventional security threats. However, the main question here is how they gather support from other states for such policies and how legitimacy is attained for them. In fact, the turnaround effects of such security threats help states gather the support of like-minded states and act collectively to protect their security against such threats. Collective security arrangements have been seriously proposed after every large- scale war, such as the Napoleonic Wars, World War l, and World War II. The end of the Cold War followed the same path both in academic and state circles. In this regard, naturally the I-IN, being the only global organization for collective security, has been called upon several times. In the post-Cold War era, the UN Security Council has adopted a series of resolutions availing itself of the right to humanitarian through a number of experiences as witnessed in various wars and fights such as that of the Gulf, Bosnia and Somalia. 4 Despite this gradual progress in fulfilling its task of collective security, the UN faced a deadlock during the Spooks crisis in 1999. Due to Russia and Chinas objection to a military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the UN could not reach a decision authorizing the formation of a military force with the Security Council mandate and this implicitly left it up to NATO to take the responsibility . In light of these one can see that even in the post-Cold War era the UN system has maintained the inertia it derives from its organizational set-up. This can be attributed to the following: In the post-Cold War era, although one of the Blocs disappeared, it was evident that at least the old leader of the East , I. E. Russia on the one hand and the USA together with the rest of the Western Bloc on the other, continued to regard each other as other. This was because they have not been able create a collective identity (self), as they could not define a common threat (other) either. See for details C. Gaucherie, International Law and the War in Spooks, Survival, , Volume 41, No: 2, Summer 1999. POST-SEPTEMBER 11 ERA The world that embarked on a new millennium with these important shifts in international affairs in general and in the collective security field in particular, was unable to avoid the tragedy of September 1 lath. The terrorist attacks of September 1 1 have changed many, if not all, parameters in world affairs, and has important repercussions for security in a variety of ways and the approach to collective security is no exception to this. In the wake of the terrorist attacks, NATO allies lined up Enid the US and in an unprecedented display of support and solidarity they invoked, on 12 September 2001, Article 5 of the Washington Treaty of the Alliance, the core clause of collective defense, for the first time in the history of the Alliance. 35 This decision seems to have constituted a dramatic shift in the conceptualization of what forms hard and soft security issues. First, it was bitterly confirmed that terrorism is one of the most dangerous non-conventional asymmetric security threats. Similarly, it was also confirmed that terrorists can easily access weapons of ass destruction. More importantly, with the invocation of Article 5 and the military operation directed against the al-Qaeda terrorist network and its sanctuary the Taliban regime, it has become clear that the fight against terrorism, which was always regarded as a matter of soft security, would also require hard security measures, including military ones, in the post-September 1 1 era. In this context, one can argue that the September 11 terrorist attacks have provided a conducive atmosphere for the creation of a new other, I. E. Common enemy. This was

Catherine the Great essays

Catherine the Great essays Throughout history, Russia has been viewed as a regressive cluster of barely civilized people on the verge of barbarism. In the eighteenth century, ideas of science and secularism grasped hold of Europe, and Russian Czars, realizing how behind Muscovite culture was, sought out this knowledge, attempting to imbed it into Russian society. Catherine II was one of these Czars. She listened to both the ideas of the philosophes and the problems of her people and strove to enlighten Russia by codifying the laws, establishing an elected government, funding hospitals, and forming a functioning school board. Her attempts, however, were met with only partial success. Her reforms received much criticism, especially from the serfs, and Catherine was forced to realize, through the Pugachev Rebellion in 1773, that enlightening all of Russia was an impossibility. Catherine IIs greatest glory was seen in her foreign policies, as she solved two fundamental problems for Russia by winning victorie s over Turkey and Poland. As well, she established a League of Armed Neutrality and spoke out against the French Revolution. Catherines reign created both prosperity and poverty for Russia. In order to decide whether she was truly great, one must evaluate her accomplishments upon the foundation of Russian ideals. At the end of the seventeenth century, Russia was a country in transition. The death of Czar Alexis in 1676 marked a change in Russian society, a movement from traditional Muscovite culture toward new, educated concepts. Reforms in the 1650s divided and weakened the Russian Orthodox Church, and a few bold individuals began to adopt a semi-westernized lifestyle. By western standards, however, Russia still seem backward, and at best, a fringe nation of Europe...without benefit of middle class, universities, academies, or secular culture (Oblensky and Stone 144). The rebellion of the musketeers, or streltsy, in 1682 ex...

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The Puerto Rican Americans Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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10 years from now Essay Example for Free

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Through this program I could improve and increase my language skills, gain different perspectives on vital global issues, encounter new things and meet new people. The Department of Advertising at the University of Florida strongly encourages students to gain work experience through internships. Although internships are not required, they can have great benefit in the long run. Through internships, my interest, motivation and willingness to work hard could be noticed by future coworkers, clients and bosses. After completing  schooling and internships I hope to become a Director of Public Affairs in Tampa, Florida. Directors of public affairs are responsible for developing effective communication plans that strengthens brand promise, create and launch new media and marketing and to resolve public affairs issues. Qualifications for this position include a Bachelor’s degree in Communications, Public Relations or Journalism. Strong media relations skills and strong relationships with key media outlets such as print, television, bloggers and radio are preferred. The ability to multi task and to take initiative in a fast paced environment is favorable. The median pay for a Director of public affairs in Florida is $58,000. The tax rate for that income is $7,929 or 14.74%. A Director of Public affairs works with the management and assigns tasks to the staff. To ensure and maintain the company’s good reputation, the Director of Public Affairs must supervise and review the activities of the staff. In ten years, my main form of transportation will be by car. One of the most important factors considered when buying a car is price. I lean towards bigger cars such as a GMC Tahoe or a Honda Pilot. The estimated average cost of either of these cars ranges from $18,000 to $30,000. One of the disadvantages of driving a larger car is the high cost of fueling. As a result of the low MPG, a larger sum of money will have to be budgeted for gas every month. Before I begin the search for a car, a target price should be determined. It’s important to also consider how much the car can be sold or traded for in the future. Another factor to consider is whether the car will be new or used. New cars are favorable because the car won’t have any unknown problems prior to purchasing it. Used cars are beneficial due to their lower prices and shorter financing periods. In my opinion, the benefits of a used car outweigh the disadvantages. The ability to travel will play a key role in my j ob selection. I would like to travel around the world to places I’ve never been including places such as New Zealand, Australia, Italy, and Spain. I would also love to be able to go back to Scotland to see my family and visit parts of the country I’ve never seen. Tampa, Florida would be my ideal city to live in. Downtown Tampa is the central business district of Tampa. Living in a two bedroom apartment with a  roommate would make the most sense, financially, when I am starting my career. Bell Channelside is an upscale apartment community that would be suitable to both my needs and wants. The average cost for a two bedroom apartment at Bell Channelside ranges from $1442 to $1750 with a down payment of $300. These apartments have an impressive walk score of 82. The Tampa Aquarium, Channelside Bay Plaza, nightlife, dining and shopping are all in walking distance of Bell Channelside apartments. They are also conveniently close to the I-275 and the Crosstown Expressway. The crime rate in Downtown Tampa is less than 42% of the cities in Florida. Contrary to what many may assume about Downtown Tampa, it is safer than 77.9% of the neighborhoods in Tampa. ï ¿ ¼ In order to stay out of debt and to maintain my funds, I will have to budget my spending. Ten years from now, student loans will likely still need to be paid off. Falling into debt would add unnecessary stress and would delay paying off my student loans and prevent me from investing for the future. The average yearly pay of a Director of Public affairs is $58,000 which calculates to an estimated $4,833 every month. A minimum of $750 will be paid each month for rent. Monthly utilities usually aren’t included in the rent so at least $50 should be set aside for groceries and $65 to $90 for gas. The pie chart in the figure above breaks down the cost of living expenses in Tampa based on a monthly income of $4,000. I will also put money into long-term investments. Long term investing will aid future purchases and savings for houses, education and funds for traveling. If I stick to my budget and follow my plan, you will be able to find me living in Downtoan Tampa, working as a Direct or of Public Affairs, and driving a slightly used Honda Pilot in 2023.

Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Essay -- Health, Treatment

The progress in chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments have improved, such that the survival rate of cancer patients has increased, particularly among young females diagnosed in the early stages of cancer (Registries, 2010). While the priority for these patients was to prolong life, now the quality of life after treatment is of equal concern. Unfortunately, the toxicity of cancer treatments may lead to premature menopause and infertility (Brydoy, Fossa, Dahl, & Bjoro, 2007), As a result, various fertility preservation techniques have been developed in order to provide fertility preservation options for women who survived cancer. These include embryo cryopreservation, oocyte cryopreservation and most recently, ovarian tissue cryopreservation followed by grafting. Of these techniques, embryo cryopreservation is the most efficient and effective in restoring fertility (West, et al., 2009). However, retrieval of oocytes for IVF requires hormonal stimulation which may take 2-3 weeks or longer, and this may be too long for some patients to delay their treatments (Tao Tao & Valle, 2008). Additionally, embryo cryopreservation is not suitable for patients with hormone sensitive malignancies, such as breast cancer, or for young girls and adult females who have no partner and prefer not to use donor sperm. Oocyte cryopreservation avoids some of the disadvantages of embryo cryopreservation, such as the availability of a partner and the status of prepubertal girls, but the comparative low survival rate of frozen oocytes, their poor fertilization capacity and embryo development rate (Tao Tao & Valle, 2008) has directed researchers into other areas. They recognize that ovarian tissue cryopreservation could become a reasonable fertility prese... ... research model instead of some wild animals such as using domestic cats for researches instead of tigers and leopards. Among the felids (cat species), 69.3% out of 36 living wild cat species are classified as near threatened, vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered (Nowell, 2002). Domestic cats serve as a convenient research model for wild felids conservation since the folliculogenesis in cats takes about 7-13 days and the gestational length is approximately 60 days (Bristol-Gould & Woodruff, 2006). This research aims to develop successful vitrification and warming protocol for cat ovarian tissue and optimize in vitro follicle/oocytes maturation protocols in order to achieve mature, viable and functional cat oocytes. To achieve this, understanding the ovary anatomy and function, follicles, oocytes structure and the art of cryopreservation is important.

Enlightenment/Romanticism Essay

The age of man is rife with varying motivations and personal reasoning. Over millions of years, life shifted from mere survival, with our minds drawn to food and shelter, into times of political intrigue and welfare reform. Buried in the layers, the Age of Enlightenment and the (difficult to define) Age of Romanticism are found. Within these two periods are some of our history’s most profound shifts in thinking. The Age of Enlightenment brought scientific reasoning to the forefront of everything. Life was distinct, understandable and predictable. Man contemplated his purpose empirically, studied methodically to come to a true conclusion. According to Anne Branham, the enlightenment allowed our founding fathers to question man’s natural rights in the world of the living. She uses Benjamin Franklin as the incomplete figure of true enlightenment. The one man who had his hands into all things scientific and technological fought actively for the â€Å"earthly rather than heavenly rewards† (55). Our most important living document, the American Constitution, finds its epicenter in the freedom to choose our own representation after careful contemplation and consensus-driven selection (59). Paintings reflected life as a physical entity. Portraits of people became the chosen artwork of the day, a marking of life in that moment. American History portraits painted by John Trumbull show the events in a concise manner, the emotions of the people stern and musing. Other artists, to include Anton Van Maron and Antonio Visentini, of this period (late Enlightenment) follow this same theme of capture rather than sensitize (GroveArt Online). Writers such as Locke, Paine, and Smith questioned preconceived beliefs, broke them down in their parts, studied them empirically, then transformed them into new ideals and theories; changing the way things were done for centuries. Their articulations of thought changed the way business and politics were conducted, a system we still hold to today. Burnham suggested when we take a good look at these writers (Locke in particular) we can see the seed of transformation that inspired Thomas Jefferson (58). The line between the Enlightenment and Romanticism appears quite blurred. It is not as though humankind stopped short all of a sudden and agreed to change their thinking. What is evident, however, is that change took place. Today, we are no longer as ideal in questioning what is right for man. This period began as a revolt of sorts against the aristocracy and their accepted norms. People began to concern themselves with emotions and the feelings of things. Psychologists such as Freud and Jung came into play. Not only what is wrong with you, but also why, and how does it feel to have that problem? Peckham questions the validity of an actual movement in that the need and subsequent fight for revolution does not in fact mean an actual change in thought amongst the world’s people. Was there in fact a change in mind away from the scientific and toward the ideal and the emotional (6). In terms of government, America found itself growing out of control. States began to fight over the issue of slavery and valuing one man’s right to property over another man’s right to dignity and the ‘pursuit of happiness’ as it were. Civil War breaks out, the basis set against the colder ideas of the Enlightenment. These ideas one can conceivably see as justifying slavery if numbers add up. Authorship offered a new selection during this era, the novel. Mary Shelley writes about the timeless battle of man versus nature with her creation of â€Å"Frankenstein.† Man’s emotional struggles in life marked the center of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven, Jane Austen’s Emma, and Henry David Thoreau’s Walden. Peckham, writing in the time of Picasso, states: â€Å"Picasso has in his painting expressed profoundly the results of the freedom that romanticism has given to the creative imagination, but he is detested by most people who have seen his cubist or post-cubist painting – as well as by a great many who has not. He is at home in the universe, but not in his society† (21). This simple statement takes us back to a time when the questioning of fundamental things, like shapes and colors, was not appreciated. One forgets Picasso died in 1973 – only 33 years ago. Although these two distinct ages followed each other in general timeframe, there are some obvious similarities. In some ways, the transcendentalists, modernists and post-modernists, have all maintained the basic trend in life, which is to ask questions and present the answers in a way that society will gain from them as well. The questioning being the most serious of crimes against the calm nature of a society, with the actual answer following a close second. The difference lies in the questions asked, the answer given and the format preferred. For each successive generation, the questions drive a little deeper, the context of the situations a little more complicated. The answers are increasing more personal, much to the chagrin today of the older citizens. Art today is far racier and stressing in it nature. Artists have the freedom to push the observer to his or her max. Life seems to be struggling toward a certain height where all questions are ok, all answers accepted. Works Cited Branham, Anne K. â€Å"Teaching the Enlightenment in American Literature: Shedding Light on Faith and Reason.† The English Journal 87.3 (1998): 54-59. GroveArt Online. (18 Oct 2006). Peckham, Morse. â€Å"Toward a Theory of Romanticism.† PMLA 66.1 (1951): 5-23.

Description And Implementation Of The Sensory Memory

Chapter 5 Methods and Implementation The sensory connection to memory can be felt throughout a person’s lifetime of experience. Sensory memory is typically considered more representational, which is nonverbal information that is processed by sounds, pictures, patterns, signs, faces and many others. This means that these sensory memory happens though the experience rather than rational thinking that comes from reading or watching. In order to protect this connection it is imperative that the built environment can talk to the sensory memory. Human Memory is seen as an adaptive process, some of which consider this as a problem, however this means that memory can often be triggered by something that is close to the original memory.†¦show more content†¦Some of the feelings that this patient will feel can include fear, anger, helplessness, sadness, frustration and most of all the feeling of being all alone in the process. It is incredibly important for this patient to seek out and connect with others that ma y be in the same process. So the most important piece in the programming and the design of the space is being able to have a communal connection to the rest of the community as well as the space. This can be on a macro scale, which include a support group, or a micro level, which can be patient to caretaker or patient to family member. Stage two is typically when the patient begins to have a dependence on the family or care taker. This is also when the patient would start experiencing walking difficulties and falls. It is important in this stage to preserve a connection to the space itself. There should be areas for the patient to walk around and have areas of respite. This area should feel more homelike and have areas for families to be able gather while the patient is recovering from any injuries that they might have incurred. Stage three is when the patient can no longer take care of themselves and the treatment journey is coming to an end. At this point the care of the patient becomes more of relieving pain and not treatment to help better life. This is considered hospice care. During this time it is